Past and Present: A Bird's Eye Revelation of the Effects of Limestone Quarrying

It is often a treat for historians and history buffs when old postcards depicting scenes from a specific street may be compared to its modern self using a modern day picture with a similar angle of photography. Such a treat, it seems, is no longer exclusively reserved for the History academia.

Recent updates in the highly accessible Google Earth has intrigued me to revisit one my my previous subject-the quarrying of the Panching Karst Formation. True to the words of my previous post, little has changed for the temple-occupied Bukit Charas while its sister mountains, Bukit Panching, Bukit Sagu and Bukit Tenggek became the antithesis.

The following is a list of comparative images taken over a 7-year gap whereby on the former is a 2003 image while on the later is a 2010 image:

Bukit Charas

 

 2003

 2010

Bukit Panching

2003

2010

As described previously, this already-disappeared hill is now a deep lake surrounded by a marble wasteland.

Bukit Sagu

2003

 2010

Unfortunately for this hill, the view of its descruction is shrouded by overhead clouds. However, there is no doubt it has suffered much damage given that cement extraction has not abated at all.

Bukit Tenggek

 2003 

 

2010

Perhaps the most obvious of the changes that quarries have on the Panching Karsts System lies in this limestone massif, which is now broken up into two parts by the blasting of its central section.

Either way, one thing is for sure-given that it takes about 7 years to reduce Bukit Tenggek by half its original size, it may be only a decade before the hill ends up as another "Bukit Panching"; and definitely the same fate will befall upon the larger Bukit Sagu the following decade.

Reference:

1.Schilthuizen J.J. and Clements R. (2008) Tracking Land Snail Extinction From Space. TENTACLE 16:8-9 (IUCN/SSC Mollusc specialist group letter)click here

Panching Karsts-400 million years old geological monuments under threat

Aerial view of Panching Limestone Formation: (from top to bottom) Bukit Tenggek, Bukit Sagu, Bukit Charas, Bukit Panching. The formation is possibly the easternmost limestone karsts in Peninsula Malaysia.

Spanning about a kilometre wide is a vast wasteland of limestone boulders, pebbles and ridges partially overgrown with bushes and grass. A large, 26 metre deep lake smack right a the middle of the rocky terrain is all that is left of Bukit Panching, a 134m tall limestone outcrop overlooking it's larger sister mountain, Bukit Charas. Located 25km from Kuantan, on the East Coast of Peninsula Malaysia, these 400-million-years old karsts are part of the Panching Limestone Formation. Bukit Panching is the very first limestone outcrop in the peninsula to be wiped out of existence. Managed by the now defunct Pancing(sic) Quarry Sdn Bhd, the last outcrop was flattened in the 1990s which then led to a continued quarrying of subterreanean limestone until a 26 metre depression was made.

Bukit Panching (Google Earth year 2003 image)Seen here are pools of water collected on the southwestern area which has now became a large lake covering the 26m depression.
The destroyed Bukit Panching (foreground,lake) with Bukit Charas as its backdrop.

With that, countless endemic flora and fauna also disappeared. That includes molluscan casualty Opisthostoma (Plectostoma) sciaphilum (Benthem Jutting 1952), a microsnail that only inhabits Bukit Panching's rocky crevices. Endemic flora like Monophylla hendersonii and Emarhendia bettiania (both now restricted to Bukit Charas) also disappeared from the hill. And due to lack of research done on the hill's ecology, there might in fact be more casualties.

Bukit Charas: a 355m tall limestone massif with a forested valley in the centre, it is located several kilometres north of Bukit Panching.

To the north is Bukit Charas, an almost intact limestone hill with plenty of rare and endemic flora ie: Ardisia suffruticosa, Epithoma saxatile, Begonia ignorata, Monophylla hendersonii, Emaehendia bettiania, Tectaria cherasica, and many more. The molluscan fauna is also quite interesting, with plenty of microsnails belonging to Opisthostoma (Plectostoma) sp. , the newly described Notharinia linnei (Vermeulen, Phung and Troung 2007)and other diplommatinids. There're also unidentified Phaedusa sp. and Macrochylamys sp. . Fortunately, the presence of a Thai-Buddhist Cave Temple in its northern cliff has prevented it from being a target of limestone quarry prospectors.

The snails found in self-collected soil samples of Bukit Charas: (from left to right) Macrochylamys sp., Alycaeus cf. perakensis(?), Phaedusa sp. fragments and various microsnails.
The endemic Monophyllaea hendersonii living on limestone surface near the stairway to the Thai-Buddhist Cave Temple.
Another endemic, Emarhendia bettiania, which lives on cliff faces in the same area.

The easily identified Ardisia suffruticosa with its characteristic radiating leaves. This species is only known to occur in two localities, Sungai Tebrau,Johor and Bukit Charas, Pahang.
Tectaria cherasica, an endemic fern named after Bukit Charas (Bukit Cheras (sic.))

Not so fortunate though, for the remote Bukit Sagu and Bukit Tenggek in the North. These two hills have been quarried extensively, 50% on Bukit Sagu and 30% on Bukit Tenggek. Bukit Sagu is expected to disappear within the next 10 years with Bukit Tenggek following suit. Little molluscan research was carried out on these hills, so the known snails are limited to a few like the Bukit Sagu endemic Opisthostoma (Plectostoma) senex (Benthem Jutting 1952)see pics. here and Alycaeus carinata (Maasen 2006)see pics. here. In fact, Bukit Tenggek, the northernmost hill, has so far escaped attention of scientists. In terms of flora, the only known endemic is Bukit Sagu's Paraboea bakeri.

Bukit Sagu with the flattened northern flank and cement processing factory.

The northernmost limestone hill of the Panching Limestone Formation, Bukit Tenggek.

The Panching Karsts harbour many new-to-science flora and fauna and should be given more attention from the researchers and conservationists. Although quarrying of limestone is unavoidable as this is the only closest limestone source for the city of Kuantan and the region's infrastructure developement, sustainable use of the precious resource will ensure that the wildlife and plantlife of these special hills remain intact for years to come.

Further Reading:
1.Schilthuizen J.J. and Clements R. (2008) Tracking Land Snail Extinction From Space. TENTACLE 16:8-9 (IUCN/SSC Mollusc specialist group letter)click here
2.Soh Wuu Kuang (2006) The Flora of Bukit Charas,Conservation Malaysia Issue 2/2006,FRIM click here
3.Maasen W.J.M. (2008) A new species of the genus Notharinia Vermeulen, Phung & Truong, 2007 from Peninsular Malaysia (Mollusca, Caenogastropoda, Pupinidae),Naturalis Repository. click here
4.Amer Mohammad Ibrahim (1999) Geochemistry of Selected Upper Paleozoic Kuantan Group and Triassic Carbonaceous sediments of Pahang and South Terengganu, West Malaysia
University Malaya.